To train neurosurgery interns and increase their confidence and surgical skills, we employed 3D printing, mold design, and casting technology to develop medical simulators. The simulators allow students to adjust the angle of the head based on the location of the angioma (brain tumor), perform a craniotomy, move the soft tissue of the brain aside using forceps, locate the angioma (brain tumor), and clip the angioma (remove the brain tumor) using medical instruments, and complete the entire training while artificial blood is flowing through the simulator.
Existing professional medical simulators developed using virtual reality and 3D printing are not realistic enough for neurosurgery students and therefore cannot achieve the expected training effects. We therefore employed 3D printing, mold design, and casting to create professional simulators with advantages over the current simulators, including: (1) the simulator can be used for students to practice the operation procedure at different locations of the brain; (2) this simulator has more realistic feeling; (3) the cost of this simulator is less than NTD 20,000, and they can be mass-produced.
Interviews with clinical neurosurgeons revealed a current lack of suitable professional simulators for young neurosurgeon training. Introducing stricter regulations to limit the work hours of healthcare personnel and ensuring the safety of patients reduced the training opportunities of interns. Our simulator has reached TRL5/TRL6, and it has been employed to train neurosurgery students at the National Defense Medical Center. A patent was already obtained for the core technology. The cost of the simulator is under NTD 20,000 and has an advantage over cadavers and virtual reality simulators.

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