We developed a chicken mucosa-targeting polymeric nanoparticle vaccine (~90 nm) co-delivering viral antigen and CpG adjuvant using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion technique. The particles are biodegradable and biocompatible. This nanoparticle significantly stimulated chicken Harderian gland B cell proliferation and subsequent local IgA and IgG secretion in tears. The mucosal Ig protected chickens from virus infection by lowering virus replication at the infection site and thereafter reducing tracheal epithelial ciliostasis and systemic infection, relieving clinical symptoms.
We developed a polymeric nanoparticle vaccine (~90 nm) co-delivering viral antigen and CpG adjuvant using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion technique. The particles are biodegradable and biocompatible. This is the first vaccine to evaluate mucosal immune response of the chicken Harderian gland, including antigen-secreting cell staining and immune-related gene expression screening. Overall, this mucosal nanoparticle vaccine shows promising immunostimulatory effects on the chicken respiratory immune system, enabling effective mucosal immunity against an avian coronavirus.
We are able to produce the protein antigen using a 10-liter bioreactor, and subsequently purified by the automated purification system. The batch yield has now reached 0.2 g of recombinant RBD protein, which is sufficient for preparing 5000 vaccine doses. Furthermore, the nanoparticle vaccines can be lyophilized for long-term storage without the cold-chain issues. This vaccine shows a great potential for commercialization and being used in the field. As avian coronavirus is an economically important respiratory pathogen worldwide, this vaccine is expected to have a global market.

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